Communicative Functions of Sentences

Communicative Functions of Sentences( herds grass. Shopen 2007) stated that, on that point ar at least four senses in which star great deal talk about clause or execration types in a verbiage. One way is in terms of the distinction between declarative, interrogative, imperative, and emphasized times. A second sense of clause type is represented by the distinction between main clause and subordinate clause, and among different types of subordinate clauses. Issues tie in to this sense are discussed in the chapters on subordination, A third sense of clause type concerns the way the same event or situation can be spoken about, from different perspectives, with grammatical consequences such as voice and pragmatic consequences such as topic and focus. The fourth sense, the one discussed, involves different types of clauses in terms of their internal structure, primarily surrounding different types of predicates. Here, the most basic distinction is between verbal and nonverbal pre dicates.Literature reviewSentence in traditional grammarIntroductionB.A.Okolo(2008) stated that the traditional grammarian fellow a certain procedure correspond to what he understand about the nature of the language, he added that if the language is the reflection of our thought, then there must be correlation between what we think and the language that we educe our thoughts, and that why traditional grammarian began his definition with complete concocting full statement, imposing that each(prenominal) sentence must has subject and predicate, thus these parts contri juste each new(prenominal) to the meaning of the complete sentences.Definition of a sentence in traditional grammarSidney. Greenbaum (2002) stated that the traditional definition of the sentence is thatA sentence is a classify of words that express a complete thought exclusively he argued that this definition is notional, because it could lead to misunderstanding to what it meant by a complete thought, so he app roved this assertion by explaining that some sentences have more than a thought.B. A. Okolo (2008) added that the words complete thought in traditional definition of a sentences do not mean logically complete, because logical complete thought does not turned out to be a sentence, but the paragraph, the essay, the chapter or even the whole book.Sidney (2002) defined the sentence as a group of words that begins with outstanding letter and ends with full stop, but again he argued this definition stating that there are a king-sized number of sentences begin with 2 capital letters (in the case of nouns) and still considered as sentences, and others begin with capital letter but not end with capital letter like imperatives, exclamations and questions, so this definition is not adequate.Another common definition of sentence in traditional grammar is that a sentence is a group of words that consist of subject and predicate but A. B (2008) argued that by stating that lots of sentences in English do not consist of subject draw a bead on like for example imperative take off your shoes thus sentence is easy to describe (explain) rather than define.Bas Arts and April MCmahan (2006) defined the sentence as A sentence is basically a group of words which are tied together and convey an idea, event or description. The words in an English sentence have a certain launch and rules regarding ways to either expand or shorten it. The boundaries of a sentence are easily recognized, as it begins with a capital letter and ends with a terminal punctuation mark (period, question mark or exclamation point). It is important for English writers to know the language of sentence grammar terms in order to be able to analyze and develop their writingSentence types according to meaning and word orderM. Verspoor and K. Sauter (2000) stated that English sentences can be classified according to communicative functions and patterns into four basic finds Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative and Exclamatory sentence patterns, they added that when people communicate, they communicate for various reasons, but the four main reasons areTo inform someone of somethingTo get information from someoneTo get someone to do somethingTo express ones attitude about somethingAnd each of these communicative functions has the following patternsJohn is leaving.Is John leaving?LeaveHow awful John is leavingSo these patterns have the following syntactic characteristicsSubject- whole verb plane section of verb- subject- rest of the verbVerb by itselfHow ..Followed by remainder of sentenceThus the words john is leaving express the following functionsInforming (declarative)Asking for information (interrogative) get someone to do something (imperative)Expressing feeling/attitude (exclamatory)B.A.Okol (2008) added that traditional grammarians generally agreed that sentences can express four kinds of meaningFacts (declarative sentences)The declarative sentence is used chiefly to make an asserti on usually it states a fact, but sometimes a probability, a possibility, or even an impossibility, the normal word-order of the declarative sentence is subject-verb or subject-verb- complement. This order is usually changed.Commands (imperative sentences)An imperative sentence expresses a command or a request, there is usually no formal difference between an imperative sentence with expressed subject and a declarative sentence. Thus you sing out of context may be either a request that you do the relation (imperative) or a remark that you know how to sing (declarative). But sentences using the verb (be) can be distinguished by the form of the verbYou be the singer (imperative)You are the singer (declarative)Questions (interrogative sentences)The interrogative sentence usually asks a questionExclamations (exclamatory sentences)An exclamations sentence expresses feeling or emotion. Exclamatory sentences are often introduced by what or how, as a modifier of the complementInterrogative SentencesThe interrogative sentence usually asks a questionHave you seen Sam?Do you know that John is heave?Did the doctor say it will be twins?Is the food good?Sentence according to verbal predicateTransitive and intransitive clauseTimothy Shopen (2007) explained that the distinction of the clause with verbal predicates, is that the distinction between transitive and intransitive, transitive clause takes two or more argument, whereas intransitive takes only one argument, so in languages like English the distinction can be, by saying that transitive clause has an object, whereas intransitive does not as in the following examplesMy hang back ate the hamburger (transitive)My dog is sleeping in the abasementFrom the examples above, it is clear that transitive verbs like eat need an object to complete the meaning of the clause, but intransitive verbs like sleep does not need an object, although there a prepositional phrase followed the verb sleep in the above sentence but it is not an object, it is an adjunct because the meaning is still complete if this prepositional phrase removed from the sentence.Ditransitive clauseTimothy (2007) stated that some English constructions contain more than object, or at least two nonsubject arguments, so these constructions are so called ditransitives as the examples below explainNancy gave Jeff some flowersBob told Sally a storySo in these examples the noun phrases Jeff and Sally are so called in organize object, and the noun phrases some flowers and a story are direct object, in the previous examples indirect objects flowed immediately the verb, whereas direct objects end the sentence, but in the construction with preposition direct object flowed the verb immediately and indirect object flowed the preposition as in the following constructionsNancy gave some flowers to JeffBob told a story to SallyData collection and analysisData collectionFor the bearing of this assignment the researcher selected randomly a chapter from the b ook titled, the memories of babikr bedri, this book is compose by Babikr Bedri in Arabic and translated to English by his son yousif bedri, the chapter selected is chapter one which is titled, Babyhood and Youth page 1-14 .And the motivation beyond this is to investigate clause types in English language according to the following criteriaAccording to meaning and word orderAnd according to verbal predicatesData analysisThe data collected for the purpose of this study were analyzed in the following stepsStep one to identify clause types according to meaning and word orderStep two to identify clause types according to verbal predicatesStep oneClause according to meaning and word orderFacts (declarative sentences)Our teacher sat down (Para 1 Page 6)I mastered the memorization of koran in the year 1880 (Para 4 Page 7)We arrived in Madani (Para 5 Page 9)Commands (imperative sentences)Come here (Para 2 Page 5)Go and wash your slat (the same Para)Come and write what you washed off before ( Para 3 Page 5)Questions (interrogative sentences)When and in what circumstances did you simulate this book? (Para 2 Page 12)Do you eat better than that in rufaa? (Para 2 Page 10)What food do you have? (Para 2 Page 10)To who did separate the previous piece? (Para 2 page 5)Who was with you? (Para 2 page 5)Exclamations (exclamatory sentences)How he put me down (Para 3 Page 1)Step twoClause according to verbal predicatesTransitive clauseOur teacher Muhammad had studied the Koran and other subjects (Para 2 Page 12)I was explained the word wabar (Para 3 Page 10)Intransitive clauseWe all laughed (Para 3 Page 10)We agreed (Para 3 Page 10)Ditransitive clauseMy parents told me that I was born on 8 August 1861 (Para 1 Page 1) allow me tell you about this man (Para 1 Page 4)A pupils family send a feast to the school (Para 1 page 7)She put my books in a cloth satchel (Para 2 Page 9)ConclusionIn this study, you saw that sentences may have different communicative functions and that each of these communicative functions is expressed with a ordinary sentence pattern, called the declarative, interrogative, imperative or exclamatory pattern. The declarative sentence pattern is the most common and will be studied the most in this study.A typical declarative sentence gives information about a situation or event and may name one or more participants, a process, an attribute of one of the participants, and various aspects of the setting. The sentence constituents naming these are subject, and predicate. The predicate names the process, and possibly other participants, attributes or setting. The predicate consists of a predicator, which names the process, and its complement. The complement in the clause with verbal predicate (transitive, intransitive and ditransitive) can be a direct object and indirect object. If there is a direct object, there may also be either an indirect or benefactive object or an object attribute in the complement.English language is unlike other languages, it can employ different clause types in its sentences according to different aspects that why anyone could not talk about definit clause types without referring to all these criteria, but I think that clause can explained rather than classified.

Dentitic Cell and Immune Networks Algorithm Comparison

Dentitic Cell and Immune cyberspaces algorithmic rule ComparisonA Comparative study of Dentitic cell and repellent networks algorithm for ersatz tolerant networks.Jaspreet kaur, Kamal Kumar outline Artificial resistive systems are the systems utilize for advanced computational systems for the need of robust and secure functioning of computer systems. They are the systems inspired by the forgiving immune systems in the human immunity save the body from external threats. We in this opus would be working on the networking branch of the AIS which is c all(prenominal)ed Artificial immune networks which builds up an immunity in the network against the attacks. The accuracy, time synopsis and a few some some other parameters are to be studied using two algorithms of Artificial immune networks. The two algorithms which we are taking in action will be immune networks algorithm and Dentritic cell algorithm.1 INTRODUCTIONAn immune system, nonpareil of the most intricate biologi cal sys-tems, has been used as a metaphor for intelligent computation in a variety of domains. Artificial Immune governance (AIS) has been considered as a family of techniques originated from the community of immunology. As an important constituent of the AIS, the artificial immune networks are based on the rules of the behaviors of both B cells and T cells in the biological immune system. B cell is an integral part of the immune system. Through a process of recognition and stimulation, the B cells can clone and mutate to produce a diverse set of antibodies in an attempt to remove the infection from the body. T cell has two types. One regulates and con-trols the strength of the immune response, and the other di-rectly destroys the cells that live specific antigens. Both the B cells and T cells give way been widely employed to solve a wide range of engineering problems, such as anomaly let onion and data mining. This paper aims at giving a concise overview on the artificial imm une network models including their conjecture, structures, and applications.Functions, principles and models, which can be use to real world problems. According to the mechanis of DCs, the Dendritic cell algorithmic program (DCA) has been put forward by Greensmith and successfully applied to a range of problems, particularly in the area of anomaly sleuthingCompared with the classical AIS algorithms , the DCA has advantages of small calculations, strong recognition ability and few training samples, but it also hasthe defect that it will have promising detection accuracy unlessin ordered data sets, with the increasing of the disorder degree in data sets, the accuracy will reduce and the sour positives and the false negatives will increase obviously. Experiments show that except some noise data most of themistakes occur during the transition phases, this is be courting during a transition phase there is a small degree of confusion regarding temporally and spatially clustered antige ns and DC may sample multiple antigens in assorted types of context.The Dendritic Cell Algorithm (DCA) is a second generation Artificial Immune System (AIS) algorithm. It is based on an abstract model of the function of dendritic cells and their ability to discriminate amid healthy and infected tissue . As a context-aware anomaly detection algorithm, the DCA performs well in malware detection. Current research with this algorithm have suggested that the DCA shows not only excellent cognitive process on detection rate, but also promise in assisting in reducing the number of false positive errors shown with similar systems.However, as the defenses evolve, so does the malware. The DCA distinguishes between normal and potentially malicious antigens on the basis of the concentration of danger signals they cause and neighboring antigens. This feature cabe exploited by discerning malware via mimicry attacks (such as blending with normal activities or mimicking normal behavior) to evade detection by the DCA . For vitrine, some stealthy malware communicate with remote servers only when they detect user activities (such as requesting web pages). This reduces both the frequency and significance of malicious behavior, making the malware less active and more likely to avoid detection by the DCA. In , Gu et al. proposed an improvement for the DCA namely antigen multiplier to overcome the problem of antigen deficiency. As an additional function of the DCA, antigen multiplier can make several(prenominal) copies of each individual antigen which can be fed to multiple dendritic cells (DCs). Then the classification decision is averaged over the replicated population. The experimental results showed that antigen multiplier helped in alter the classification accuracy. But, as antigen multiplier copies every antigen it meets indifferently, it may show less resistance to mimicry attacks since the concentration of potentially malicious antigens is not increased. Similar to the ineffectual detection to hidden and inactive malware by the DCA, biological immune system (BIS) also shows inefficiency when responds to some antigens.2 LITERATURE REVIEWIn this research paper 1 the author has analysed the immune theory and hopfied neural network (HNN), them proposing a new algorithm for multidimensional functionality. A group of solutions are collected for analyses using k means algorithm. Then later on the cluster is taken which is cluster centurions by k means algorithm. In this paper, by making use of the advantages of cluster analysis algorithm, HNN and ia, a new algorithm is proposed to solve the optimal problems of multimodal function with high dimensions. Simulation experiment proves that the new algorithm has much higher accuracy and shorter running time, compared with ia. Especially, at high dimensional function, the new algorithm has clearly advantage.In this paper2, a invigorated multi-modal optimization algorithm, namely Dcopt-aiNet is proposed, whi ch is based on biological immune network mechanism for global numerical optimization. Different from de Castros opt-aiNet algorithm, Dcopt-aiNet models cloning operation using dynamic cloning operation which is adopted from biological immune network mechanism. Based on the multi-modal benchmarks, experiments were carried out to compare the surgery of Dcopt-aiNet with that of opt-aiNet. Experiment results show that when compared with the opt-aiNet method, the new algorithm is capable of improving search performance significantly in successful rate and convergence speed.In this paper 3 the author has proposed the the use of DCA for malwre detection. Artificial adjuvants increase immunogenicity of stealthy malware which speeds up the immunigenicity of them. This is how they improve the malware detection with help of DCA. Future work proposed in this paper is that the experiments need to evaluate their effects on enhancing the detection performance of dca. Further we need to better go steady the mechanisms of immunological adjuvants can be beneficial to design more biologically. Lastly to make more diverse and more general algorithms.In this research paper4 the algorithm is posed to only good in ordered data set but the results in the other elusions are not considered to be great. In instances of different antigens, each instance is accesed and finally all the asessments made are taken into account. Proposed algorithm i.e. Mmdca brings up the nature of each multiplier and also it can be inferred that the false positives is higher, this is because the dca weights matrix used to calculate the semi and mat tends to mat.With the intrinsic properties of multimodal optimization problems, a multi-population artificial immune network algorithm (mopt-aiNet) is proposed to improve the performance of static and time-varing multimodal optimization problems by making use of biologic immune mechanism in this paper5. Compared with other immune network search methods, several novel operations such as multi-population dynamic hypermutation, asynchronous colony evolution, dynamic retrospect solutions management and a hill-valley exploring are designed which can speed upsearching the environment in an optimal way. Two other immune network algorithms are compared against mopt-aiNet by using static and dynamic benchmarks. Comparative analysis illustrates mopt-aiNets potential value.A bi-objective optimization model of berth and great power changes generated by a wind turbine is discussed in this paper6. The model involves two objectives, power maximization and power ramp rate (PRR) minimization. A new constraint for power maximization based on physics and process control theory is introduced. Data-mining algorithms were used to identify the model of power generation from the industrial data collected at a wind farm. The models and constraints derived from the data were integrated to optimize the power itself and the power variability, expressed as the pow er ramp rate. Due to the nonlinearity and complexity of the optimization model, an artificial immune network algorithm was used to solve it. The optimization results, such as computed operation strategies and the corresponding outputs, are demonstrated and discussed.In this paper 7 , the problem of finding the optimal collision free street, path planning for the case of a controllable mobile robot moving in a static environment filled with obstacles with known shape and size is studied. A path planner based on a hybrid memetic algorithm, genetical Artificial Immune Network (GAIN), which provides near optimal collision free path is proposed. Genetic Artificial Immune Network is a hybrid memetic algorithm based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Artificial Immune Network (AIN) algorithm. The network cell structures are simple which makes the operators simple and results in a fast calculation with smaller number of cells. The results obtained from GAIN is compared with that of GA and GAIN is found to outperform. GA in terms of convergence speed and result obtained, making it a promising algorithm for solving the mobile robot path planning problem.3 line FORMULATIONAdaptive immunity is directed towards specific invaders either seen before or not previously encountered and gets modified by exposure to invaders. It mainly consists of lymphocytes (white billet cells, more specifically B and T type) that aid the process of recognizing and destroying specific substances, and are antigen-specific.Clonal Selection Clonal selection theory was proposed by Burnet. The theory is used to explain basic response of adaptive immune system to antigenic stimulus. It establishes the idea that only those cells capable of recognizing an antigen will proliferate while other cells are selected against. Clonal selection operates on both B and T cells. B cells, when their antibodies bind with an antigen, are activated and differentiated into plasma or memory cells. Prior to this process, clones of B cells are produced and undergo somatic hyper mutation. As a result, diversity is introduced into the B cell population. Plasma cells produce antigen-specific antibodies that are work against antigen. warehousing cells remain with the host and promote a rapid secondary response.Negative Selection Negative selection is a mechanism to protect body against self-reactive lymphocytes. It utilizes the immune systems ability to detect unknown antigens while not reacting to the self cells. During the generation of T-cells, receptors are made through a pseudo-random genetic rearrangement process. Then, they undergo a censor process in the thymus, called the negative selection. In this process, T-cells that react against self-proteins are destroyed and only those that do not bind to self-proteins are allowed to leave the thymus. These matured T-cells then(prenominal) circulate throughout the body performing immunological functions and protecting the body against foreign antigens .4 OBJECTIVES1. To study intuitively and understand the working of dentritic cell and immune networks technique in artificial immune systems.2. To analyse the two above mentioned techniques on the basis of the following parameters-A. AccuracyB. Response timeC. Fittest cell take aimD. Immune memory strength.3. Mathematical and graphical comparison between dentritic cell and immune networks.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGYALGORITHM DESIGN ( Dentritic Cell )Its principle is taken up from the original dentritic cell mechanism in the human body with which our human immune system works. It generally takes advantage of the remembering power of our body in which if our body if exposed to a certain infection remembers it prevents it from harming us in at least near future, it also may cause permanent ginmill.ALGORITHM DESIGN ( Immune Networks )Its principle is taken up from the immune network mechanism which does not have fixed idea for prevention of particular disease in all senses. It undoubted ta kes up a more robust way of finding the right vaccine or the attack example for actual prevention.6 RESULTS AND expiryBar graph for less no of attacksBar for all attacksPlot for less no. of attacks.Plot for all attacks.POINTS OF CONCLUSIONThe accuracy varies with no. of attacks.More the no. of attacks in DCT more is the accuracy.Accuracy in INT is not dependent on no. of attacks.Though the accuracy of the DCT is more but the response time of INT takes lead on DCT.In terms of response time INT is much better than DCT.DCT has time consuming behavior because of all internal processes which take place in it like updating memory cells and informing t cell etc.Memory strength of DCT improves with no. of attacks and it is term quo in INT.Fittest cell level show only local behavior of a part of the system having most immunity.In short term goals INT is favored because its less time consuming and can act quick. Also its cheaper as no internal processes prevail.In long term goals DCT is pr eferred because of its stability.We need to have a really fast system to implement DCT because of its time consumptionDCT is a central system because t cells keep record of all previous attacks and which is accessible to every part or ip in the network which makes DCT a central system.7 REFERENCES1 Ruiying Zhou, Qiuhong Fan, Mingjun Wei, Solving for Multimodal Function with High Dimensions Base on Hopfield Neural Network and Immune Algorithm, IEEE 2011 International Conference on Electronic Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology, Print ISBN- 978-1-61284-008-8, pp.3905-3908, 12-14 August 2011.2 Shi Xu-hua, Zhu Yu-guang, Dynamic re-create based immune network Algorithm for multi-modal optimization, IEEE, Seventh International Conference on Natural Computation, 2011, Print ISBN- 978-1-4244-9953-3, pp.522-525.3 Jun Fu, Huan Yang, Introducing Adjuvants to Dendritic Cell Algorithm for sneaky Malware Detection, IEEE, Fifth International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design, 2012, Print ISBN- 978-0-7695-4811-1, DOI-10.1109/ISCID.2012.156, pp.18-224 Song Yuan, Qi-juan Chen, Dendritic Cell Algorithm for Anomaly Detection in unconnected Data Set, 4th International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics, 2012, Print ISBN- 978-0-7695-4721-3, DOI-10.1109/IHMSC.2012.69, pp.249-2525 Shi Xuhua, Qian Fenq, An Optimization Algorithm Based on Multi-population Artificial Immune Network, IEEE, Fifth International Conference on Natural Computation, 2009, Print ISBN- 978-0-7695-3736-8, DOI-10.1109/ICNC.2009.574, pp.379-3836 Andrew Kusiak, Zijun Zhang, Optimization of Power and its Variability with an Artificial Immune Network Algorithm, IEEE, Print ISBN- 978-1-61284-788-77 Antariksha Bhaduri, A Mobile Robot Path Planning Using Genetic Artificial Immune Network Algorithm, IEEE, World Congress on Nature and biologically inspire Computing, 2009, Print ISBN- 978-1-4244-5612-3, pp.1536-15398 Yong Sun, Weigou Zhang, Meng Zhang, Dan Li, Design on Neural Network Gain Scheduling Flight Control Law using a Modified PSO Algorithm based on Immune Clone Principle, IEEE, Second International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation, 2009, Print ISBN- 978-0-7695-3804-4, DOI-10.1109/ICICTA.2009.70, pp.259-2639 Chung-Ming Ou, C.R. Ou, Immunity Inspired Host-Based Intrusion Detection Systems, IEEE, Fifth International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing, 2011, Print ISBN- 978-0-7695-4449-6, DOI-10.1109/ICGEC.2011.70, pp.283-28610 Maizura Mokhtar, Ran Bi, Jon Timmis, Andy M. Tyrrell, A Modified Dendritic Cell Algorithm for on-line(a) Error Detection in Robotic Systems, IEEE, Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 2009, Print ISBN- 978-1-4244-2959-2, pp.2055-206211 Yunfeng Zhao, Yixin Yin, Dongmei Fu, Zhun Zhou, Ping Yin, Jia Wang, Application of Improved Artificial Immune Network Algorithm to Optimization, IEEE, 2008, Print ISBN- 978-1-4244-2386-6.12 Zhonghua Li, Jianming Li, Jieyeing Zhou, An improved artificial immune network for multimodal function optimization, IEEE, The 26th Chinese Control and Decision Conference, 2014, Print ISBN- 978-1-4799-3707-3, DOI-10.1109/CCDC.2014.6852268, pp.766-771, May 31st June second 2014.

Effectiveness of Para-Transit Transport Services

Effectiveness of Para-Transit conveying ServicesTHE EFFECTIVENESS OF PARA-TRANSIT TRANSPORT SERVICES IN NIGERIAN TOWNS THE CASE OF MOTORCYCLE TRANSPORT IN ABRAKAATUBI, AUGUSTUS 0.ABSTRACTThe propel of this article is on the desirability of wheels in Abraka section as a means of para-transit raptureation. The paper examines the existing mode of para-transportation in Abraka region, and discovers that commuters in Abraka region atomic number 18 increasingly patronizing bicycles as a mode of transport. Also, with the poor conditions of roads in Abraka, most parts of Abraka are denied access to public transport advantages. In the light of this, a vast number of commuters have now resorted to the services of motorcycle transport in spite of the social risks and incessant cases of accidents associated with this mode of transport. This mull discovers through Pearsons Product Moment correlation co efficacious analysis that there is a high significant relationship between the standard of living of cyclists and motorcycle stock in the study cranial orbit. The paper ends by highlighting issues, which should be incorpo scored in a comprehensive urban transport policy to disembowel motorcycle transport safe and economical as a para-transit mode of transport in Abraka region.INTRODUCTIONThe need for an efficient public transport service to cater for the demands of urban commuters can non be overstressed. Public transport systems are more efficient means of transporting large numbers of people between and within settlements than esoteric cars (Adeniji, 1983).In contemporary transportation lexicon, two major types of public transport systems are defined. These are the conventional public transport system and the para-transit or intercede systems of public transport. The para-transit or intermediate systems are so called because they include all systems of urban transport, between the private car on the one hand of the home plate and the conventional public trans port system on the other (Adeniji, 1983).Para-transit modes of transport in developed countries include such systems as car pools, rental cars, alter commuter bus services provided on a subscription basis, as well as taxi cab related services like dial-a-bus and motorcycles. In the less(prenominal) developed countries, para-transit modes are usually referred to as intermediate modes of public transport. They include the shared taxi cab, mini buses, modified vehicles such as the jeepneys of Manila in the Philippines (Grava, 1977), silos of Chien Mai in Thailand (Fourcare and Manundes, 1977), Molue of Lagos in Nigeria (Olayemi, 1979), Beenos of Surabaya in Indonesia (Fouracre and Manuder, 1978), the cycle rickshaws community found in most Asian cities (Jacob and Fouracre, 1976) and Going in Nigerian Towns, (Okoko, 1990).In recent years, the preventive prices of brand new cars and buses have subjected in the reduction of the number of private cars and commercial vehicles generally o n our urban roads. Even the fairly used import cars and buses (Tukunbo) are beyond the reach of the absolute majority of our people. As a result of these factors, there has been a tremendous demand for public transport in our towns in recent years. It is now a common sight to see hundreds of passengers at bus stations or along road sides waiting for hours for the few buses and taxis on the road (Okoko, 1998),This scenario has necessitated the introduction of motorcycles as a means of para-transit transport in Nigeria towns. It first gained prominence in the Cross River State the l970s where it was variously referred to as Aka-Uke or Ala-Olok. This mode has now diffused to other Nigeria towns including Lagos and Abuja. It is now the dominant mode of transport in most of our urban centres e.g. Uyo Calabar, Nasarawa etc. It is variously referred to Okada in the Mid-West charge regions of Nigeria and Abacha in Northern Nigeria.The motorcycle mode has had the advantage of flexibility and door-to-door service especially in towns where the road network does not permit an efficient doing of taxi service. The major problem associated with it is the high number of accident cases often resulting in the death of both the cyclist and the passenger or commuter. defer 1, shows some para-transit modes and their relative performance characteristics. Most of these modes are very popular in Asian and Latin American countries where they are employed both in rural and urban areas. These modes are recommended for use in our towns and rural areas where conventional mass transit facilities are inadequate. In rural areas where the population is less than 50,000, in camera operated para-transit modes are adequate. In settlements where the population is between 50,000-100,000 para-transit and privately operated omnibuses are adequate. Mass transit public transport services are recommended for settlements with a population surface of over 100,000 inhabitants (Adeniji, 1986).In rece nt years, with the aid of motorcycling, Abraka community has experienced an unprecedented general economic boom, which has encouraged the increased diversification of local industries and commercial activities.Atubi and Onokala (2004b) give tongue to that in human geography, one of the most fundamental themes is spatial interaction. That spatial interaction involves the movement of goods and services and people between various centres in space. In general, when constructing or improving a road network where economic constraints apply, they said, the most economical solution for one road link may not inescapably be the best solution for the network as a whole. That the cost of implementing one project to high standards may consume resources that would be better worn out(p) over the whole network, or in filling other gaps in the network with lower standard roads.The influence of political policies on the transport facilities in metropolitan Lagos was also examined by Sada (1970) w here he maintained that politics had more than desired influence on the city network and this is irrational to prey planning of transport network in such a large city. He further said that until the city was given a new balance such as planning and reversing same existing policies, the problems of traffic in Lagos would still continue to be in existence.Furthermore, for any importationful division of dig up and specialization in production process to take place in any society such as Abraka, there must be an efficient and effective means of transport (Atubi and Onokala, 2004a). The various feeder roads and paths are constructed to connect the interior parts of the region and this gives room or serve as an advantage to motorcycle transport system in Abraka region.METHODOLOGYData for this article were collected through questionnaire survey in Abraka region. Questionnaires were administered randomly/systematically on respondents. This article specially aims at examining the influen ce of motorcycle transportation with emphasis on employment opportunities of respondents.For the purpose of achieving the aim eighty (80) questionnaires were administered. For effective administration of the questionnaires the region was subdivided into three (3) regions or zones Viz Ekrejeta passageway, Kwale Road and Abraka-urban Road.The statistical techniques employed include means and percentages as well as the Pearsons Product Movement Correlation Coefficient (P.P.M .C.C.)THE research FINDINGSTable 1 Basic Para-Transit Modes and their Performance Characteristics antecedent Howe, J (1983) Conceptual Framework for Defining and Evaluating Improvements for Local Level Rural imparting in growing Countries (Geneva, H. 0.) Dept. 1983, Pp. 3 7-39.Table 2 Importance of Motorcycle persuadeationAlternativesResponsePercentage (%)YesNo773964 total80100Source Field Survey, 2004.From the postpone above, it was clearly shown that the importance of motorcycle as a mode of transportation in Abraka region cannot be over-emphasized. It is discover that 96% of the respondents are of the view that motorcycle transportation has played an important role in Abraka region while only 4% disagreed. Also, the movement of people, goods and randomness are being facilitated via motorcycle transport.Table 3 Ownership of MotorcycleAlternativesResponsePercentage (%)Yes (My own)No (Hired)29513664Total80100Source Field Survey, 2004.Sixty-four percent (64%) of the respondents agreed that most of the motorcycles in use in Abraka community for transport purposes are employ and thirty-six (3 6%) are of the view that the motorcycle used in Abraka are privately owned. Therefore, the lot of motorcycles in Abraka region are hired meaning that the users (cyclists) are operating on a balance and take basis. That is the motorcyclist pays the owner of the machine certain amount of money depending on the terms of agreement after(prenominal) which the machine becomes that of the cyclist.Table 4 Monthly Income Through MotorcyclingAmountResponsePercentage (%)Below N2,000N2,000- N4,000N4,000-N6000N6,000- N8,000Above N8,0002324128132930151016Total80100Source Field Survey, 2004.It could be deduced from the above table that the majority of the cyclists earn between N2,000 and N4,000 monthly. This is followed by those cyclists that earn below N2,000 per month. From the table 30% and 29% earn between N2,000 and N4,000 and below N2,000 monthly respectively.Table 5 fourth dimension of Operation/ServiceTimeResponsePercentage (%)Below 10 a.m10a.m-4p.m.4p.m-7p.m.Above7p.m.Always2317191192921241411Total80100Source Field Survey, 2004.The table above shows that the time of operation is mostly in the good morning between 10.00 a.m. and reduces until the evening from 4.00 p.m. to 7.00 p.m. The peak hour of operation being in the morning and evening in Abraka region could be as a result of people going to their various places of work and their return back home. These periods have the high est percentages of 30 and 24 respectively. Following the peak hours are the hours betweens 10.00 a.m. and 4.00 p.m. with a percentage rate of2l. This could be because of parents going on school run.Table 6 Fare/Charge Per-DistanceAlternativesResponsePercentage (%)YesNo41395149Total80100Source Field Survey, 2004.The responses from the table above means that the fare per distance is likely determined by the passenger and the cyclist, 51% of the respondents agreed that the charge per distance during operation is constant while 49% disagreed. Meaning that, the charge varies with distance. This could be as a result of the operation hour because the fare at night or during bad weather (rainfall) and even during period of fuel scarcity fare tends to vary with distances. During such period, it is the negotiate power between the passenger and the cyclist that determined the fare. Nevertheless, the charge within Abraka region is relatively constant.Table 7 Standard of living through income authorized and Motorcycling (observed Frequency)AlternativesEkrejeka Rd.Kwale RoadAbraka-urbanRoad totalStrongly concurAgreedPartially agreedDisagreed172711249119152487214Total27262780Source Field survey, 2004,From table 7 above, the calculated value of the correlation coefficient is 0.90 approximately (see table 9). It could be deduced therefore, that as income increases through motorcycling, the standard of living of the cyclists also increases at 0.05 level of significance.Table 8 Increase in Motorcycle and the population of Abraka RegionAlternativesEkrejeka Rd.Kwale RoadAbraka-UrbanRoad totalStrongly AgreedAgreedPartially agreedDisagreed275133631411025614852Total27262780Source Field survey, 2004.From the calculated values in table 8, (see table 9), the calculated value of the data using the Pearsons product moment correlation coefficient is approximately 0.89. From table 9, it also implies that 20.79% of the population of Abraka can be explained by increase in motorcycle activi ties while 79.2 1% cannot be attributed to increase in motorcycle activities which could be due to other reasons.Table 9 A correlation Table of Population and Motorcycle increase in Abraka RegionTable 10 Provision of Employment Opportunity and Motorcycle TransportationSource Computed from Table 8, 2004The calculated value derived from table 10 above using the Pearsons Product Movement Correlation Coefficient is appropriately 0.86 (see table 11). Also, 26.04% of the employment chance can be explained by motorcycle transport in Abraka region while 73.96% cannot be explained and may be due to other factors.Table 11. Provision of Employment Opportunity and Motorcycle TransportationFrom table 11, there was a high and positive correlation between employment opportunity and motorcycle transportation in Abraka region. From this brief and simple analysis, the fact that motorcycle transportation has a role to play in the employment of youths in the study area is incontestable.ISSUES FOR POLI CY FORMULATIONThe time has come for us to accept the indispensability of motorcycle transport in Abraka region. The availability of a comprehensive and up-to-date cultivation on vehicle population in the country makes it difficult to have an accurate car ownership ratio per capita for the country. Recent phenomenal increases in the prices of import cars, both brand new ones and fairly used cars otherwise known as tokunbo, have made it difficult for the average Nigerian to own a car. Even motorcycles and bicycles are now priced out of the reach of the middle and low income households in the country (Adeniji, 1986).In the light of the poor economic situation in the country, there is need for the government to give an official recognition to the operation of motorcycle transport in Nigeria. The operation of motorcyclists should be streamlined such that it should not be a case of any body just picking up his motorcycle and going into business. Just like the National Road Transport Work ers Union that monitors the operation of taxis and buses, a similar body should also be set up to oversee the operation of motorcyclists.Every motorcyclist should be made to demonstrate with this body before he is allowed to operate. This body should issue identity cards and uniforms for easy identification by commuters. In addition to this, the procedure for the issuance of brainish licenses should be reviewed. Every motorcyclist should have either a license or a permit before he is allowed to operate the motorcycle.The Government should reconsider the belief of introducing crash-helmets for the use of both the cyclist and the passenger. The importance of crash-helmets cannot be over-emphasized s they protect the head from severe injury whenever accidents occur.Urban roads should from now henceforth be designed to accommodate cycle-ways. This will reduce cut throat competition for urban road space by cyclists, motorists and pedestrians thereby reducing the rate of accidents on o ur roads.Existing traffic bye-laws and regulations should be reviewed to accommodate the motorcycle mode and conscious efforts should be made to ensure their enforcement.CONCLUSIONTransport of any kind is successive and a prerequisite to the development of any modem society. It is indispensable in the economy of any society hence it has increased the socio-economic development of Abraka region. This research has revealed that motorcycle business has a significant effect in the provision of employment, increase in the standard of living of the cyclists and a corresponding increase in the population of Abraka region.REFERENCESAdeniji, K. (1983) Urban Development and Public Transport in Nigeria Third World Planning Review, Vol.5, No.4, Pp. 383-394.Adeniji, K. (1986) Public Transportation in Nigeria where do we go from here? Paper delivered at the NISER Seminar Series, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, Pp. 1-22.Atubi, A.O. and Onokala, P.C. (2004a) Road Transportation and the Socio-Econom ic Development of the Niger Delta A case study of Warn Metropolis. Journal of Social and Management Sciences Review Vol. 1, No. 1, Pp. 102-113.Atubi, A.O. and Onokala, P.C. (2004b) The Accessibility of Centres to the Road Networks The Case of Lagos Island, Lagos, Nigeria. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Dynamics, Vol. 2, Pp. 140-15 1.Fouracre, P.R. and Maunder, D.A.C. (1977) Public Transport in Cheng Mai, Thailand Crowthorne, Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Supplementary Report 285.Fouracre, P.R. and Maunder, D.A.C. (1978) Public Transport in Swiabaya, Indonasia Crawthorne, Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Supplementary Report 370.Grava, S. (1977) The Jeepneys of Manila Traffic Quartet, Vol. 26,No. 4, Pp.465-483.Jacobs, G.D. and Fouracre, P.R. (1976) Further research on road accident rates in developing countries. TRRL complementary Report27O. CrowthorneOkoko, F. (1990) For an Effective Going System. The Standard Newspaper, Jos, Nigeria. Wed. July 2 5, p. 9Okoko, F. (1998) The Demand For Para-Transit Transport Services in Nigerian Towns The case of Motorcycle Transport in Akure. Journal of Transport Studies, Vol.2, No. 1Olami, O.A. (1979) Intra-city Personal Travel in Metropolitan Lagos Ibadan, NISER, University of Ibadan, Reprinted Series Number.1 11Sada, P.O. (1970) Political Policies and the Development of Transportation in Metropolitan Lagos. Nigerian Geographical Journal Vol. 13, No.2.

Eulogy for Son :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for SonId like to thank you all for the outpouring of support and condolences on the loss of my beautiful son Adam. My absolute family appreciates it. This is my eulogy to Adam Depression is a terrible disease. Adam suffered so much with a disease that often goes unrecognized as very serious, or even as a disease, but is often fatal. Many people who meet someone like Adam think all he needs is tough love - how wrong they are. To those who have never had this disease, you cannot imagine how frightening the demons are, how they take over your life, your every thought, your every action. There is no respite in spite of appearance the mind it is constantly on overdrive. Doctors have few clues as to how to treat this. Lord knows how many doctors, tests, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers weve seen. Adam was hospitalized at least three quantify and lived in a residential therapeutic facility for seven months. He tried every anti-depressant drug avail subject. He spent another year in the military. The National Guard and Air Force were brief respites from his torments. He excelled at both and became a poster soldier for the National Guard. He received an faithful discharge from the Air Force. But, in the long run, the military was ill-equipped to deal with the disease. Despite his disease Adam had passions, passions for hockey, for music, for his family. He worked out three days a week and studied to better himself. His sense of humor was infectious he saw the world differently and would always see the irony in life. On Monday driving to the airport after the Super Bowl he saw a gun shop and a hospital next-door. Once at a New Jersey Devils hockey game he seemed the only one shocked by the scoreboard message Devils welcome the Churches of NJ. Hed always noticed the contradictions in life. But, he was always his own worst critic - never able to bask in his successes with the military, getting his GED, scoring a 3-point basket, getting a goal in ho ckey or fixing complex computer problems. He emulated his brother, David, but disease got in the way. He loved his sister, Deena, more than anything, but was rarely able to show it. They, in turn, loved him dearly - a better brother and sister theres never been. For that matter, a better mother theres never been.

The Yellow Wallpaper -- Literary Analysis, Gilman

It is very popular in American Literature that most authors look for how characters shape the participation in which we raging. Society consists of peck who help create the fond order and social norms, and those who rebel against the social order. The insiders of nightspot are the people who practice the values of the society and try to live up to cultural standards of that society. In American Literature the outcast of society is shunned by the rest of society for their inability to live up to the moral, social, economic, or cultural standards of society. I am going to explore three different literary works of American lit and explain how one of the characters in each literature is rejected by society, or portrayed as a social outcast because of the inability to live up to either the social, economic, or cultural standards of society. In Charlotte Perkins Gilmans short story, The Yellow Wallpaper, the main character is also the narrator of the story, and her name is unknown. T he story is scripted in diary format and the narrator is giving personal accounts about her experience battling depression, her marriage to her rational husband John who is also her physician, and her inability to post herself. The narrator is very imaginative and being confined to a large room with the yellow wall paper causes her to battle with reality. She is portrayed a social outcast in the story because her illness does not allow her to perform the social duties that women are portrayed to perform in society, such as breeding her child, and assisting in household chores. Gilman also portrays the narrator as an outcast through imagery. She writes the story in diary format so that the story is told from the narrators point of view, and the only... ...s one who is very ambitious and will try to reach for the American Dream at all cost. Gatsbys social status interferes with his personal matters with Daisy and why they could not be together in the past. The character in each li terary works inability to live up to the social, economical, cultural, and moral standards of society has made them an outsider, and each story ended with a negative outcome of the characters life. In The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrators inability to check into into society causes her hysteria to only worsen. Daisy Miller suspecting of committing unethical behavior Giovanelli causes her to catch Roman Fever, which leads to her death. Gatsby inability to live up to the social status of one born(p) with wealth destroys his possibilities of obtaining the American Dream, and his character is murdered. These lives shape the evolution of society.

My Friends Mom Has Cancer :: Personal Narrative Smoking Essays

My Friends Mom Has Cancer It was a beautiful summer daylight down in Phoenix and the first day of my junior year of full(prenominal) school. All of my friends were waiting for me outside on the hem in, which is right outside of BigBs. The w solely on the side of BigB has a mural of the world with every color of peoples skin on it. I was in love with that mural throughout high school because it meant something to all of those who went to Alhambra. There are not any trees out there since it is Phoenix and the gravel al demeanors made my shoes look vague every Tuesday when I had to wear my JROTC uniform. I always hated deviation in there further the soda was cheep and so was the water, which is always reasoned on those hot summer days. Ashley, Michelle, and I get out of Michelles moms car. Michelles mom is like my second mom and has been that way as long as I can remember. Joyce would drive us to school and on Tuesdays she would pick us up. The only thing going throu gh my mind is who is going to be buying my smokes this year. Little did I know how much things were going to change for us. We walk over to our friends who thanks to me we all knew. Ashley leaves for class and Michelle and I decide who is paying for this pack. Neither one of us would buy one for ourselves. The year gets going I can already govern it is going to be a very long year I just got my first job and had no time for my friends. Now it was the middle of January and Michelle comes up to me while we are sitting on the wall and she looks very unhappy. Joyce had not driven us to school that today because of a doctors appellative but I had not thought anything of it. I could tell she was unhappy although she had not said a word. Since it was a Tuesday and I was in uniform. I authentically was not supposed to be smoking but I was any way. I offered Michelle a smoke because I thought it would calm her down but she did not take it. That was when I knew that there was something de finitely wrong with her.

'Leadership and Legacy of Ronald Reagan'

'When Ronald Reagan was in power, the dust-covered contendf atomic number 18 was in place. The stone-cold struggle was a dogged result of tension among the democracies of the westerlyern origination and the communistic countries of east atomic number 63. The west was conduct by the get together States and easterly Europe was light-emitting diode by the Soviet gist. These dickens countries became know as superpowers. Although the cardinal superpowers never officially demesned war on from each one other, they fought indirectly in substitute wars, the ordnance race, and the property race. It lasted for frequently of the bit half(prenominal) of the twentieth ampere-second which resulted in reciprocal suspicions, heightened tensions and a serial of internationalist incidents that brought the introductions superpowers to the scepter of disaster.\nThe bleak fight began not to a fault yen aft(prenominal) sphere fight II cease in 1945. Although, the So viet confederation was an big process of the ally Powers, there was undischarged scruple between the Soviet Union and the tranquillity of the ally. The Allies were implicated with the bestial attracters of Joseph Stalin as vigorous as the allot of collectivism. Americans had been careful of Soviet communism and are disquieted intimately Russian loss leader Joseph Stalins endure of his profess country. The rimy war het up once again low electric chair Ronald Reagan. a standardized many leading of his generation, Reagan believed that the pass on of communism anywhere peril liberty everywhere. As a result, he worked to offer pecuniary and host foster to anticommunist regimes and insurgencies about(predicate) the being. This policy, especially as it was apply in the ontogenesis world in places like Grenada and El Salvador, was cognise as the Reagan Doctrine.\nRonald Reagan cherished to take a leader because he matte his ideas in relation to taxes and the preservation could help the countrys pecuniary state tremendously. Reagan image that the government restrictions and taxation were the causes of corroding of individual liberty at bottom the coupled States. He in addition in public denounced about what he cut as the impuissance of the U.S. go... '