Effectiveness of Para-Transit Transport Services

Effectiveness of Para-Transit conveying ServicesTHE EFFECTIVENESS OF PARA-TRANSIT TRANSPORT SERVICES IN NIGERIAN TOWNS THE CASE OF MOTORCYCLE TRANSPORT IN ABRAKAATUBI, AUGUSTUS 0.ABSTRACTThe propel of this article is on the desirability of wheels in Abraka section as a means of para-transit raptureation. The paper examines the existing mode of para-transportation in Abraka region, and discovers that commuters in Abraka region atomic number 18 increasingly patronizing bicycles as a mode of transport. Also, with the poor conditions of roads in Abraka, most parts of Abraka are denied access to public transport advantages. In the light of this, a vast number of commuters have now resorted to the services of motorcycle transport in spite of the social risks and incessant cases of accidents associated with this mode of transport. This mull discovers through Pearsons Product Moment correlation co efficacious analysis that there is a high significant relationship between the standard of living of cyclists and motorcycle stock in the study cranial orbit. The paper ends by highlighting issues, which should be incorpo scored in a comprehensive urban transport policy to disembowel motorcycle transport safe and economical as a para-transit mode of transport in Abraka region.INTRODUCTIONThe need for an efficient public transport service to cater for the demands of urban commuters can non be overstressed. Public transport systems are more efficient means of transporting large numbers of people between and within settlements than esoteric cars (Adeniji, 1983).In contemporary transportation lexicon, two major types of public transport systems are defined. These are the conventional public transport system and the para-transit or intercede systems of public transport. The para-transit or intermediate systems are so called because they include all systems of urban transport, between the private car on the one hand of the home plate and the conventional public trans port system on the other (Adeniji, 1983).Para-transit modes of transport in developed countries include such systems as car pools, rental cars, alter commuter bus services provided on a subscription basis, as well as taxi cab related services like dial-a-bus and motorcycles. In the less(prenominal) developed countries, para-transit modes are usually referred to as intermediate modes of public transport. They include the shared taxi cab, mini buses, modified vehicles such as the jeepneys of Manila in the Philippines (Grava, 1977), silos of Chien Mai in Thailand (Fourcare and Manundes, 1977), Molue of Lagos in Nigeria (Olayemi, 1979), Beenos of Surabaya in Indonesia (Fouracre and Manuder, 1978), the cycle rickshaws community found in most Asian cities (Jacob and Fouracre, 1976) and Going in Nigerian Towns, (Okoko, 1990).In recent years, the preventive prices of brand new cars and buses have subjected in the reduction of the number of private cars and commercial vehicles generally o n our urban roads. Even the fairly used import cars and buses (Tukunbo) are beyond the reach of the absolute majority of our people. As a result of these factors, there has been a tremendous demand for public transport in our towns in recent years. It is now a common sight to see hundreds of passengers at bus stations or along road sides waiting for hours for the few buses and taxis on the road (Okoko, 1998),This scenario has necessitated the introduction of motorcycles as a means of para-transit transport in Nigeria towns. It first gained prominence in the Cross River State the l970s where it was variously referred to as Aka-Uke or Ala-Olok. This mode has now diffused to other Nigeria towns including Lagos and Abuja. It is now the dominant mode of transport in most of our urban centres e.g. Uyo Calabar, Nasarawa etc. It is variously referred to Okada in the Mid-West charge regions of Nigeria and Abacha in Northern Nigeria.The motorcycle mode has had the advantage of flexibility and door-to-door service especially in towns where the road network does not permit an efficient doing of taxi service. The major problem associated with it is the high number of accident cases often resulting in the death of both the cyclist and the passenger or commuter. defer 1, shows some para-transit modes and their relative performance characteristics. Most of these modes are very popular in Asian and Latin American countries where they are employed both in rural and urban areas. These modes are recommended for use in our towns and rural areas where conventional mass transit facilities are inadequate. In rural areas where the population is less than 50,000, in camera operated para-transit modes are adequate. In settlements where the population is between 50,000-100,000 para-transit and privately operated omnibuses are adequate. Mass transit public transport services are recommended for settlements with a population surface of over 100,000 inhabitants (Adeniji, 1986).In rece nt years, with the aid of motorcycling, Abraka community has experienced an unprecedented general economic boom, which has encouraged the increased diversification of local industries and commercial activities.Atubi and Onokala (2004b) give tongue to that in human geography, one of the most fundamental themes is spatial interaction. That spatial interaction involves the movement of goods and services and people between various centres in space. In general, when constructing or improving a road network where economic constraints apply, they said, the most economical solution for one road link may not inescapably be the best solution for the network as a whole. That the cost of implementing one project to high standards may consume resources that would be better worn out(p) over the whole network, or in filling other gaps in the network with lower standard roads.The influence of political policies on the transport facilities in metropolitan Lagos was also examined by Sada (1970) w here he maintained that politics had more than desired influence on the city network and this is irrational to prey planning of transport network in such a large city. He further said that until the city was given a new balance such as planning and reversing same existing policies, the problems of traffic in Lagos would still continue to be in existence.Furthermore, for any importationful division of dig up and specialization in production process to take place in any society such as Abraka, there must be an efficient and effective means of transport (Atubi and Onokala, 2004a). The various feeder roads and paths are constructed to connect the interior parts of the region and this gives room or serve as an advantage to motorcycle transport system in Abraka region.METHODOLOGYData for this article were collected through questionnaire survey in Abraka region. Questionnaires were administered randomly/systematically on respondents. This article specially aims at examining the influen ce of motorcycle transportation with emphasis on employment opportunities of respondents.For the purpose of achieving the aim eighty (80) questionnaires were administered. For effective administration of the questionnaires the region was subdivided into three (3) regions or zones Viz Ekrejeta passageway, Kwale Road and Abraka-urban Road.The statistical techniques employed include means and percentages as well as the Pearsons Product Movement Correlation Coefficient (P.P.M .C.C.)THE research FINDINGSTable 1 Basic Para-Transit Modes and their Performance Characteristics antecedent Howe, J (1983) Conceptual Framework for Defining and Evaluating Improvements for Local Level Rural imparting in growing Countries (Geneva, H. 0.) Dept. 1983, Pp. 3 7-39.Table 2 Importance of Motorcycle persuadeationAlternativesResponsePercentage (%)YesNo773964 total80100Source Field Survey, 2004.From the postpone above, it was clearly shown that the importance of motorcycle as a mode of transportation in Abraka region cannot be over-emphasized. It is discover that 96% of the respondents are of the view that motorcycle transportation has played an important role in Abraka region while only 4% disagreed. Also, the movement of people, goods and randomness are being facilitated via motorcycle transport.Table 3 Ownership of MotorcycleAlternativesResponsePercentage (%)Yes (My own)No (Hired)29513664Total80100Source Field Survey, 2004.Sixty-four percent (64%) of the respondents agreed that most of the motorcycles in use in Abraka community for transport purposes are employ and thirty-six (3 6%) are of the view that the motorcycle used in Abraka are privately owned. Therefore, the lot of motorcycles in Abraka region are hired meaning that the users (cyclists) are operating on a balance and take basis. That is the motorcyclist pays the owner of the machine certain amount of money depending on the terms of agreement after(prenominal) which the machine becomes that of the cyclist.Table 4 Monthly Income Through MotorcyclingAmountResponsePercentage (%)Below N2,000N2,000- N4,000N4,000-N6000N6,000- N8,000Above N8,0002324128132930151016Total80100Source Field Survey, 2004.It could be deduced from the above table that the majority of the cyclists earn between N2,000 and N4,000 monthly. This is followed by those cyclists that earn below N2,000 per month. From the table 30% and 29% earn between N2,000 and N4,000 and below N2,000 monthly respectively.Table 5 fourth dimension of Operation/ServiceTimeResponsePercentage (%)Below 10 a.m10a.m-4p.m.4p.m-7p.m.Above7p.m.Always2317191192921241411Total80100Source Field Survey, 2004.The table above shows that the time of operation is mostly in the good morning between 10.00 a.m. and reduces until the evening from 4.00 p.m. to 7.00 p.m. The peak hour of operation being in the morning and evening in Abraka region could be as a result of people going to their various places of work and their return back home. These periods have the high est percentages of 30 and 24 respectively. Following the peak hours are the hours betweens 10.00 a.m. and 4.00 p.m. with a percentage rate of2l. This could be because of parents going on school run.Table 6 Fare/Charge Per-DistanceAlternativesResponsePercentage (%)YesNo41395149Total80100Source Field Survey, 2004.The responses from the table above means that the fare per distance is likely determined by the passenger and the cyclist, 51% of the respondents agreed that the charge per distance during operation is constant while 49% disagreed. Meaning that, the charge varies with distance. This could be as a result of the operation hour because the fare at night or during bad weather (rainfall) and even during period of fuel scarcity fare tends to vary with distances. During such period, it is the negotiate power between the passenger and the cyclist that determined the fare. Nevertheless, the charge within Abraka region is relatively constant.Table 7 Standard of living through income authorized and Motorcycling (observed Frequency)AlternativesEkrejeka Rd.Kwale RoadAbraka-urbanRoad totalStrongly concurAgreedPartially agreedDisagreed172711249119152487214Total27262780Source Field survey, 2004,From table 7 above, the calculated value of the correlation coefficient is 0.90 approximately (see table 9). It could be deduced therefore, that as income increases through motorcycling, the standard of living of the cyclists also increases at 0.05 level of significance.Table 8 Increase in Motorcycle and the population of Abraka RegionAlternativesEkrejeka Rd.Kwale RoadAbraka-UrbanRoad totalStrongly AgreedAgreedPartially agreedDisagreed275133631411025614852Total27262780Source Field survey, 2004.From the calculated values in table 8, (see table 9), the calculated value of the data using the Pearsons product moment correlation coefficient is approximately 0.89. From table 9, it also implies that 20.79% of the population of Abraka can be explained by increase in motorcycle activi ties while 79.2 1% cannot be attributed to increase in motorcycle activities which could be due to other reasons.Table 9 A correlation Table of Population and Motorcycle increase in Abraka RegionTable 10 Provision of Employment Opportunity and Motorcycle TransportationSource Computed from Table 8, 2004The calculated value derived from table 10 above using the Pearsons Product Movement Correlation Coefficient is appropriately 0.86 (see table 11). Also, 26.04% of the employment chance can be explained by motorcycle transport in Abraka region while 73.96% cannot be explained and may be due to other factors.Table 11. Provision of Employment Opportunity and Motorcycle TransportationFrom table 11, there was a high and positive correlation between employment opportunity and motorcycle transportation in Abraka region. From this brief and simple analysis, the fact that motorcycle transportation has a role to play in the employment of youths in the study area is incontestable.ISSUES FOR POLI CY FORMULATIONThe time has come for us to accept the indispensability of motorcycle transport in Abraka region. The availability of a comprehensive and up-to-date cultivation on vehicle population in the country makes it difficult to have an accurate car ownership ratio per capita for the country. Recent phenomenal increases in the prices of import cars, both brand new ones and fairly used cars otherwise known as tokunbo, have made it difficult for the average Nigerian to own a car. Even motorcycles and bicycles are now priced out of the reach of the middle and low income households in the country (Adeniji, 1986).In the light of the poor economic situation in the country, there is need for the government to give an official recognition to the operation of motorcycle transport in Nigeria. The operation of motorcyclists should be streamlined such that it should not be a case of any body just picking up his motorcycle and going into business. Just like the National Road Transport Work ers Union that monitors the operation of taxis and buses, a similar body should also be set up to oversee the operation of motorcyclists.Every motorcyclist should be made to demonstrate with this body before he is allowed to operate. This body should issue identity cards and uniforms for easy identification by commuters. In addition to this, the procedure for the issuance of brainish licenses should be reviewed. Every motorcyclist should have either a license or a permit before he is allowed to operate the motorcycle.The Government should reconsider the belief of introducing crash-helmets for the use of both the cyclist and the passenger. The importance of crash-helmets cannot be over-emphasized s they protect the head from severe injury whenever accidents occur.Urban roads should from now henceforth be designed to accommodate cycle-ways. This will reduce cut throat competition for urban road space by cyclists, motorists and pedestrians thereby reducing the rate of accidents on o ur roads.Existing traffic bye-laws and regulations should be reviewed to accommodate the motorcycle mode and conscious efforts should be made to ensure their enforcement.CONCLUSIONTransport of any kind is successive and a prerequisite to the development of any modem society. It is indispensable in the economy of any society hence it has increased the socio-economic development of Abraka region. This research has revealed that motorcycle business has a significant effect in the provision of employment, increase in the standard of living of the cyclists and a corresponding increase in the population of Abraka region.REFERENCESAdeniji, K. (1983) Urban Development and Public Transport in Nigeria Third World Planning Review, Vol.5, No.4, Pp. 383-394.Adeniji, K. (1986) Public Transportation in Nigeria where do we go from here? Paper delivered at the NISER Seminar Series, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, Pp. 1-22.Atubi, A.O. and Onokala, P.C. (2004a) Road Transportation and the Socio-Econom ic Development of the Niger Delta A case study of Warn Metropolis. Journal of Social and Management Sciences Review Vol. 1, No. 1, Pp. 102-113.Atubi, A.O. and Onokala, P.C. (2004b) The Accessibility of Centres to the Road Networks The Case of Lagos Island, Lagos, Nigeria. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Dynamics, Vol. 2, Pp. 140-15 1.Fouracre, P.R. and Maunder, D.A.C. (1977) Public Transport in Cheng Mai, Thailand Crowthorne, Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Supplementary Report 285.Fouracre, P.R. and Maunder, D.A.C. (1978) Public Transport in Swiabaya, Indonasia Crawthorne, Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Supplementary Report 370.Grava, S. (1977) The Jeepneys of Manila Traffic Quartet, Vol. 26,No. 4, Pp.465-483.Jacobs, G.D. and Fouracre, P.R. (1976) Further research on road accident rates in developing countries. TRRL complementary Report27O. CrowthorneOkoko, F. (1990) For an Effective Going System. The Standard Newspaper, Jos, Nigeria. Wed. July 2 5, p. 9Okoko, F. (1998) The Demand For Para-Transit Transport Services in Nigerian Towns The case of Motorcycle Transport in Akure. Journal of Transport Studies, Vol.2, No. 1Olami, O.A. (1979) Intra-city Personal Travel in Metropolitan Lagos Ibadan, NISER, University of Ibadan, Reprinted Series Number.1 11Sada, P.O. (1970) Political Policies and the Development of Transportation in Metropolitan Lagos. Nigerian Geographical Journal Vol. 13, No.2.

Eulogy for Son :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for SonId like to thank you all for the outpouring of support and condolences on the loss of my beautiful son Adam. My absolute family appreciates it. This is my eulogy to Adam Depression is a terrible disease. Adam suffered so much with a disease that often goes unrecognized as very serious, or even as a disease, but is often fatal. Many people who meet someone like Adam think all he needs is tough love - how wrong they are. To those who have never had this disease, you cannot imagine how frightening the demons are, how they take over your life, your every thought, your every action. There is no respite in spite of appearance the mind it is constantly on overdrive. Doctors have few clues as to how to treat this. Lord knows how many doctors, tests, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers weve seen. Adam was hospitalized at least three quantify and lived in a residential therapeutic facility for seven months. He tried every anti-depressant drug avail subject. He spent another year in the military. The National Guard and Air Force were brief respites from his torments. He excelled at both and became a poster soldier for the National Guard. He received an faithful discharge from the Air Force. But, in the long run, the military was ill-equipped to deal with the disease. Despite his disease Adam had passions, passions for hockey, for music, for his family. He worked out three days a week and studied to better himself. His sense of humor was infectious he saw the world differently and would always see the irony in life. On Monday driving to the airport after the Super Bowl he saw a gun shop and a hospital next-door. Once at a New Jersey Devils hockey game he seemed the only one shocked by the scoreboard message Devils welcome the Churches of NJ. Hed always noticed the contradictions in life. But, he was always his own worst critic - never able to bask in his successes with the military, getting his GED, scoring a 3-point basket, getting a goal in ho ckey or fixing complex computer problems. He emulated his brother, David, but disease got in the way. He loved his sister, Deena, more than anything, but was rarely able to show it. They, in turn, loved him dearly - a better brother and sister theres never been. For that matter, a better mother theres never been.

The Yellow Wallpaper -- Literary Analysis, Gilman

It is very popular in American Literature that most authors look for how characters shape the participation in which we raging. Society consists of peck who help create the fond order and social norms, and those who rebel against the social order. The insiders of nightspot are the people who practice the values of the society and try to live up to cultural standards of that society. In American Literature the outcast of society is shunned by the rest of society for their inability to live up to the moral, social, economic, or cultural standards of society. I am going to explore three different literary works of American lit and explain how one of the characters in each literature is rejected by society, or portrayed as a social outcast because of the inability to live up to either the social, economic, or cultural standards of society. In Charlotte Perkins Gilmans short story, The Yellow Wallpaper, the main character is also the narrator of the story, and her name is unknown. T he story is scripted in diary format and the narrator is giving personal accounts about her experience battling depression, her marriage to her rational husband John who is also her physician, and her inability to post herself. The narrator is very imaginative and being confined to a large room with the yellow wall paper causes her to battle with reality. She is portrayed a social outcast in the story because her illness does not allow her to perform the social duties that women are portrayed to perform in society, such as breeding her child, and assisting in household chores. Gilman also portrays the narrator as an outcast through imagery. She writes the story in diary format so that the story is told from the narrators point of view, and the only... ...s one who is very ambitious and will try to reach for the American Dream at all cost. Gatsbys social status interferes with his personal matters with Daisy and why they could not be together in the past. The character in each li terary works inability to live up to the social, economical, cultural, and moral standards of society has made them an outsider, and each story ended with a negative outcome of the characters life. In The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrators inability to check into into society causes her hysteria to only worsen. Daisy Miller suspecting of committing unethical behavior Giovanelli causes her to catch Roman Fever, which leads to her death. Gatsby inability to live up to the social status of one born(p) with wealth destroys his possibilities of obtaining the American Dream, and his character is murdered. These lives shape the evolution of society.

My Friends Mom Has Cancer :: Personal Narrative Smoking Essays

My Friends Mom Has Cancer It was a beautiful summer daylight down in Phoenix and the first day of my junior year of full(prenominal) school. All of my friends were waiting for me outside on the hem in, which is right outside of BigBs. The w solely on the side of BigB has a mural of the world with every color of peoples skin on it. I was in love with that mural throughout high school because it meant something to all of those who went to Alhambra. There are not any trees out there since it is Phoenix and the gravel al demeanors made my shoes look vague every Tuesday when I had to wear my JROTC uniform. I always hated deviation in there further the soda was cheep and so was the water, which is always reasoned on those hot summer days. Ashley, Michelle, and I get out of Michelles moms car. Michelles mom is like my second mom and has been that way as long as I can remember. Joyce would drive us to school and on Tuesdays she would pick us up. The only thing going throu gh my mind is who is going to be buying my smokes this year. Little did I know how much things were going to change for us. We walk over to our friends who thanks to me we all knew. Ashley leaves for class and Michelle and I decide who is paying for this pack. Neither one of us would buy one for ourselves. The year gets going I can already govern it is going to be a very long year I just got my first job and had no time for my friends. Now it was the middle of January and Michelle comes up to me while we are sitting on the wall and she looks very unhappy. Joyce had not driven us to school that today because of a doctors appellative but I had not thought anything of it. I could tell she was unhappy although she had not said a word. Since it was a Tuesday and I was in uniform. I authentically was not supposed to be smoking but I was any way. I offered Michelle a smoke because I thought it would calm her down but she did not take it. That was when I knew that there was something de finitely wrong with her.

'Leadership and Legacy of Ronald Reagan'

'When Ronald Reagan was in power, the dust-covered contendf atomic number 18 was in place. The stone-cold struggle was a dogged result of tension among the democracies of the westerlyern origination and the communistic countries of east atomic number 63. The west was conduct by the get together States and easterly Europe was light-emitting diode by the Soviet gist. These dickens countries became know as superpowers. Although the cardinal superpowers never officially demesned war on from each one other, they fought indirectly in substitute wars, the ordnance race, and the property race. It lasted for frequently of the bit half(prenominal) of the twentieth ampere-second which resulted in reciprocal suspicions, heightened tensions and a serial of internationalist incidents that brought the introductions superpowers to the scepter of disaster.\nThe bleak fight began not to a fault yen aft(prenominal) sphere fight II cease in 1945. Although, the So viet confederation was an big process of the ally Powers, there was undischarged scruple between the Soviet Union and the tranquillity of the ally. The Allies were implicated with the bestial attracters of Joseph Stalin as vigorous as the allot of collectivism. Americans had been careful of Soviet communism and are disquieted intimately Russian loss leader Joseph Stalins endure of his profess country. The rimy war het up once again low electric chair Ronald Reagan. a standardized many leading of his generation, Reagan believed that the pass on of communism anywhere peril liberty everywhere. As a result, he worked to offer pecuniary and host foster to anticommunist regimes and insurgencies about(predicate) the being. This policy, especially as it was apply in the ontogenesis world in places like Grenada and El Salvador, was cognise as the Reagan Doctrine.\nRonald Reagan cherished to take a leader because he matte his ideas in relation to taxes and the preservation could help the countrys pecuniary state tremendously. Reagan image that the government restrictions and taxation were the causes of corroding of individual liberty at bottom the coupled States. He in addition in public denounced about what he cut as the impuissance of the U.S. go... '

'The Sea Inside - Ethics Essay'

'1. asylum\nRamon Sampedro became a quadriplegic at the age of 25 after a diving accident. He contended for the right to hand out and a reign that the people who back up him would be jutting of criminal pursuance with the attention of Julia. The Spanish Court however, repudiated his claims on many do. On January 12, 1998, he perpetrate self-annihilation by consuming a cup of fatal potassium cyanide and sipped it through a straw. Rosa was a woman who love him and tried to dissuade him against dying on many occasions but was believed to be led by love to help accomplish his exit at the end. A quadriplegic priest, Father Andres, delineated the religious theatrical role of the Catholic Church.\n\nIn this essay, I bequeath expound on ethical issues that muffle this fountain, including euthanasia, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. The effectual article of faith that has also jazz to light in this case is back up suicide in the Spanish court. I would be exploring the similarities and differences between our local legal proceedings and that of in Spain.\n\n2. EUTHANASIA\nIn the Netherlands, euthanasia is delimit as end resulting from medication that is administered by a doctor with the direct advise of expediting death at the request of the forbearing (Heide et al., 2007).\n\nThere ar different cooks of euthanasia, including active, passive, impulsive and in automatic euthanasia. In Ramons case, he volitionally committed suicide with the assistance of slightly of his friends and hence his case cigaret be considered a form of assisted suicide and active voluntary euthanasia. Several dichotomies fortify his experience, where euthanasia can be regarded as an unethical abhorrence or a gesture of clean kindness (Avila, 2000).\n\n\n3. shore leave AND THE RIGHT TO break up WITH DIGNITY\n self-reliant patients, as defined by Beauchamp and Childress (1994), are decision-makers who choose intentionally with understandin g, and whose decisions are not restricted externally. Ramon, in this case... If you want to get hold a safe essay, order it on our website:

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'The Versailles Treaty '

'The pact of Versailles was int leftovered to be a quietness agreement amid the affiliate and the Germans. Versailles created semipolitical discontent and frugal chaos 1in Germany. The wild pansy accordance of Versailles delineate the results of hostility and penalize and assailableed the access for a potentate and globe fight II.\n\nNovember 11, 1918 marked the end of the first orbit War. Germany had surrendered and signed an armistice agreement. The proletariat of forming a quiescence agreement was in a flash in the hands of the consort. In December of 1918, the Allies met in Versailles to cash in ones chips on the stay settlement.2 The main countries and their respective(prenominal) representatives were: The joined States, Woodrow Wilson; considerable Britain, David Lloyd George; and France, George Clemenceau. At first, it had seemed the task of making public security of mind would be easy.3 However, once the military operation started, the Allies comp rise they had conflicting ideas and motives touch the reparations and wording of the Treaty of Versailles. It seemed the Allies had now found themselves act in some other battle.\n\nWoodrow Wilson (1856 - 1924), the twenty-eighth hot seat of the United States (1913 --1921).4 In August of 1914, when serviceman War I began, there was no question that the United States would remain neutral. Wilson didnt loss to enter the European War or any other warfare for that division.5 However, as the war continued, it became increasingly manifest that the United States could no longer sit on the sidelines. German submarines had change posture American tankers and the British liner, Lusitania, in whitethorn 1915, killing about twelve speed of light people, including 128 Americans.6 This convince Wilson to enter World War I, on the allied side. As the war continued, Wilson draw his peace program, which was pertain around cardinal main points. They ( 14 points) were occupy and simp le: a demand that prox agreements be open covenants of peace, openly arrived at; an insistence upon dogmatic freedom of the seas; and, as the fourteenth point, the formation of a usual associat! ion of nations.7 The fourteen points gave people a hope of peace and lay the ft for the armistice that Germany at last signed in November 1918. Although the United States was instrumental in ratiocination the war, Wilson was still to a greater extent interested in a peace without victors8 than annexing German colonies or reparations (payment for war damages). However, as the Allies began discussions of the peace treaty, the European allies spurned Wilsons idealism and reasoning. It...If you deprivation to get a full essay, parliamentary procedure it on our website:

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